![]() ![]() All these monosaccharides have more than one asymmetric carbon ( (Figure)).Ī long chain of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds is a polysaccharide (poly- = “many”). Although glucose, galactose, and fructose all have the same chemical formula (C 6H 12O 6), they differ structurally and chemically (and are isomers) because of the different arrangement of functional groups around the asymmetric carbon. Galactose (part of lactose, or milk sugar) and fructose (found in sucrose, in fruit) are other common monosaccharides. Humans and other animals that feed on plants often store excess glucose as catabolized (cell breakdown of larger molecules) starch. Plants synthesize glucose using carbon dioxide and water, and glucose in turn provides energy requirements for the plant. During cellular respiration, energy releases from glucose, and that energy helps make adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In humans, glucose is an important source of energy. The chemical formula for glucose is C 6H 12O 6. ![]() Trioses, pentoses, and hexoses have three-, five-, and six- carbon backbones, respectively. Aldoses have a carbonyl group (indicated in green) at the end of the carbon chain, and ketoses have a carbonyl group in the middle of the carbon chain. Scientists classify monosaccharides based on the position of their carbonyl group and the number of carbons in the backbone. ![]()
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